“Django Jane”

First things first: if you’ve never heard of Janelle Monáe, you need to check out her “Emotion Picture” entitled “Dirty Computer.”

The entire video is around 49 minutes long, and it’s worth every second. The music and lyrics are paired with rich, thought-provoking visuals, including the infamous “pussy pants” from the song “PYNK.”

The music and visuals work together to empower the female body, focusing in particular on the black, queer, female body. The title, “Dirty Computer,” sets up a theme throughout the “Emotion Picture” of a futuristic world where white “cleaners” attempt to “cleanse” Monáe and her friends of their “dirty” memories. I interpreted this as a reflection of white society’s ongoing efforts to suppress blackness; to “whitewash.” As the video progresses, it becomes clear that the “cleaners” are trying to erase Monáe’s individuality and suppress her intersectional identity. Monáe says, “This album is about celebrating other Dirty Computers who have been pushed to the margins of society. This album is about reckoning what it means to have your rights trampled on and to face opposition, perseverance.”

One video from “Dirty Computer” that stood out to me was that which accompanied the song “Django Jane.”

Again, the musical style, lyrics, and visuals work together in this piece to promote Monáe’s intersectional identity. She says Django Jane is, “a response to me feeling the sting of the threats being made to my rights as a woman, as a black woman, as a sexually liberated woman, even just as a daughter with parents who have been oppressed for many decades. Black women and those who have been the ‘other’, and the marginalised in society – that’s who I wanted to support, and that was more important than my discomfort about speaking out.”

It would be impossible for me to understand every visual reference in this video, there were three aspects that stood out to me:

First, the video visually explores the idea of power. One website interprets this visual depiction as follows: “Janelle sits atop a throne reminiscent of West African royalty, surrounded by black women in studded leather jackets and shades… It’s a marriage of African and African American—shared blackness interpreted in a rap song.”

This visual theme compliments lyrics like,

We gave you life, we gave you birth
We gave you God, we gave you Earth
We fem the future, don’t make it worse
You want the world? Well, what’s it worth?

Second, another prevailing visual theme was Monáe’s outfit: the tuxedo. At one point the lyrics say, “Remember when they used to say I look too mannish, Black girl magic, y’all can’t stand it…”

Monica Miller writes in the Journal of Contemporary African Art, “Described by Monáe variously as a “superhero uniform,” a “weapon,” “armour,” and essential for her “time travel,” the tuxedo seems, above all, to be a vehicle for promulgating progressive ideologies of race, gender, and sexuality.” She goes on, “[Monáe] creates wildly inventive visual narratives for her music in which her body and its tuxedo are worked in the service of revising oppressive histories and creating alternative futures.”

Third, the album in general celebrates and de-stigmatizes the female body. The image below appears only once in the video, accompanying the lyrics, “…And hit the mute button, Let the vagina have a monologue.”

The lyrics themselves send the message that men need to listen to women; that women demand the space to be heard and acknowledged. The visual reference itself may come from from Sebastian Lelio’s film “A Fantastic Woman,” about a transgender woman whose identity is at odds with the identity ascribed to her by society. However, an even earlier source for these references may be a photograph by Armen Ordjanian. Eric Kohn writes, “Ordjanian’s photograph is a feminist meditation on a woman seeing her identity reflected in her physicality, while the shot in Lelio’s movie implies the feelings of a woman whose gender identity transcends the limitations society imposes on her, and Monaé seems to be exhibiting a more explicit message of female empowerment in a vicious battle of the sexes.” Clearly Monaé’s use of this image, and previous meanings associated with this image reinforce her dialogue on female identity, empowerment, and resistance.

Unsurprisingly, the Youtube comments for “Django Jane” are overwhelmingly positive:

Monáe says, Dirty Computer is a gift that I feel very honored and privileged to give. I hope that all the Dirty Computers around the world feel heard, feel seen, and feel celebrated.”

“The Future is Female”

In 2016, San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kapernick sparked a national uproar when he chose to kneel rather than stand during the playing of the national anthem. In an interview with NFL media he said, “I am not going to stand up to show pride in a flag for a country that oppresses black people and people of color… To me, this is bigger than football and it would be selfish on my part to look the other way. There are bodies in the street and people getting paid leave and getting away with murder.”

Kapernick’s critique of his country did not go unnoticed by the president, who took to twitter to complain:

https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1027892043908046849?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw

As Trump seems to suggest, Kapernick is a football player. Shouldn’t he just stick to that and stay out of politics? Is Kapernick letting down his fans by using his professional position to advocate for a political position? Or is this type of activism an effective and necessary means for change? People in all professions face these questions. These questions are especially on the minds of female jazz musicians today. Jazz has traditionally existed as a male-dominated field, aside from African American female vocalists. The deeply embedded “jazz patriarchy” still exists, but more and more women are breaking into the field and establishing themselves. Some of these women, though affected by the gender politics of jazz and America in general, do not find their inspiration in politics. They take the stance that gender does not exist in music; that worrying about gender politics only distracts from their musical endeavors. Others are inspired by their experiences in the face of sexism, and choose to use their music as a force for change. Roxy Coss is an example of one of these women.

https://www.roxycoss.com/gallery

In 2018, Roxy Coss released the album “The Future is Female.” Right off the bat, you can tell from the title that this album holds a political message: that women will change the world. The photo on the cover shows Roxy standing confidently and defiantly. To me, this image presents Roxy as an example of a young woman taking on the world, challenging anything that might get in her way, and inspiring other women to do the same.

https://www.amazon.com/Future-Female-Roxy-Coss/dp/B079VD5SVF/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=the+future+is+female+Roxy+coss&qid=1554086712&s=gateway&sr=8-1

The track titles, listed below, provide even more insight to the purpose of Roxy’s work and its relationship to the current political climate.

https://www.amazon.com/Future-Female-Roxy-Coss/dp/B079VD5SVF/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=the+future+is+female+Roxy+coss&qid=1554086712&s=gateway&sr=8-1

“Nevertheless, She Persisted” “Draws its title from words uttered by Senator Mitch McConnell during the process to silence Senator Elizabeth Warren from raising objection to the confirmation of Jeff Sessions as Attorney General.” Other titles address the president, such as “Nasty Women Grab Back,” which responds to Donald Trump’s infamous comment which doesn’t need to be repeated here. “Me Too” is obviously a contribution to the #metoo movement. One title that stood out to me as a young female jazz musician was “She Needed a Hero, so That’s What She Became.” I interpret this title as referring to the lack of female role models in jazz and beyond. Roxy is suggesting here that in the absence of role models, she realized she would have to fill that void so that young women in generations to come would have somebody to look up to and be inspired by.

Aside from the track titles and cover art, the nature of the songs themselves seem to suggest a certain political urgency. Reviews for the album point this out. One Downbeat review reads, “The Future Is Female is all instrumental, but it’s message music through and through… This is hard-hitting post-bop: aggressive, determined and grim.” Another review from allaboutjazz.com says about the song “She Needed a Hero, so That’s What She Became,” “A sense of tension can be felt, a spirit drowning in solitude seeking absolution.” Thus, Roxy’s work has clearly blended music and politics into one. She is not just a musician speaking about politics, her music almost speaks for itself.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rYC9tMS6W2M

In an interview with popmatters.com, Roxy says, “Every single woman I’ve ever talked to in this industry has many stories that are horrible. People need to hear the stories, but the bigger idea is: This is going on, it is rampant, and we have to fix it, deal with it, and do something positive.” Aside from her album, another project Roxy has created to combat issues of discrimination is the founding of the Women in Jazz Organization, or WIJO. This organization strives “To improve issues in the Jazz community: how people in Jazz see and treat us; how people outside the Jazz community see and treat us; and how we see and treat ourselves and each other.”

Again, as a female jazz musician myself, Roxy’s album had a huge impact on me. I was inspired by her musicianship and the message of her music. I was thankful that Roxy blatantly called out political issues and addressed them, rather than disguising her message. Roxy’s album undoubtedly inspires other young women and therefore positively impacts society. Her work proves that music and politics belong together, and that music with a political message can change the world.

  • https://www.allaboutjazz.com/the-future-is-female-roxy-coss-posi-tone-records-review-by-paul-rauch.php
  • https://www.popmatters.com/roxy-coss-interview-2556338405.html
  • http://wearewijo.org/about/about-us/
  • https://www.roxycoss.com/about
  • https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/colin-kaepernick-and-the-radical-uses-of-the-star-spangled-banner
  • http://downbeat.com/reviews/detail/the-future-is-female

The Real Book

Useful or Useless?

Any jazz musician knows exactly what the Real Book is. They probably own one or two; stashed in a corner collecting dust. Here’s the story of why the Real Book was created, and why it is so essential and useless at the same time.

In the late 1940s, the first compilations of common popular repertoire for gigging musicians, called Fake Books, were created. These books were born from Tune-Dex cards, (pictured below), which offered a melody and a crude version of the chord changes to popular songs. The idea was that musicians could carry around these cards so that when they got a request they didn’t know, they could just find the index card and read the tune. 

https://blog.library.gsu.edu/2010/10/13/popular-music-tune-dex-cards/

However, carrying around an unorganized mess of 3×5 cards to every gig clearly was not convenient. So, bootleg books containing copies of Tune-Dex cards, organized in alphabetical order, began to circulate. The compilations were called “Fake Books” because they allowed musicians to “fake” their way through songs they didn’t know.

Around 1975, a group of unnamed students at the Berklee College of Music decided to create something like Fake Books, but more accurate and containing music that was relevant to jazz musicians. They probably wanted access to a collection of new charts by people like Chick Corea and Steve Swallow. So they went to work transcribing lead sheets for their favorite tunes and writing them out by hand in what became known as the Real Book. The book was an immediate success. 

It’s important to note that none of the artists whose tunes were included in the Real Book were paid for their work. Was this legal? Definitely not. The Berklee musicians apparently looked into legitimizing the Real Book, but realized doing so would be nearly impossible and extremely expensive. So, versions of the Real Book were sold illegally until 2003, when the Hal Leonard Corporation legitimized most of the charts from the original real book and sold a version that was actually legal. There are now several volumes, transposed versions, and bass clef versions of the Real Book. You can also buy the “Real Christmas Book,” or even the “Real Country Book”….

It’s hard to imagine anyone would complain about the Real Book. Any jazz musician should be thankful that somebody else already did the work of transcribing the chords and melody of the standard jazz repertoire, right? Plus, if you don’t know many tunes, you can show up to a jam session and just read from your handy Real Book. As great as this may sound, the fact is, if you show up to a jam with a Real Book at any point past high school, you will be immediately shunned and your quality of musicianship will probably be questioned. This reaction may just be the product of battling egos and “jazz boys” trying to prove that they know more than other “jazz boys.” However, widespread disrespect for the use of Real Books is a legitimate position to hold.

Aimee Nolte, a jazz educator whose youtube channel has over 100k followers, sums up a few of these reasons in the video below. She mentions that if you want to learn a song, it’s much more likely to stick if you learn it by ear instead of relying on the lead sheet. If you’re always faking it, you’re never really learning anything. Plus, books are heavy!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMiCg8sDQh4

Furthermore, even in the newest versions of the Real Book, the chords are often wrong. For example, if you’re familiar with jazz harmony, try listening to Herbie Hancock’s Dolphin Dance and comparing the chords you hear to the chords on the lead sheet:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iB2Z2DY17yQ
http://www.guitarcats.com/realbook-jazz-standards/dolphin-dance

Close……

The Real Book has its down sides, but we must not forget the lasting and widespread impact it has had on jazz. It will always be a great reference to start with when learning a tune, and its a great backup when you’re on the spot. As an article in jazzadvice.com states, “the book is like a pair of training wheels for your improvising.” Just remember that at the end of the day it’s always better to learn a tune by ear.

Sources:

  • https://officialrealbook.com/history/
  • http://www.bassfrontiersmag.com/the-real-book-a-history-commentary
  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dD0e5e6wI_A
  • https://web.archive.org/web/20160403035705/http://www.personal.psu.edu/bdk4/PREHISTORY.pdf
  • https://www.jazzadvice.com/why-you-shouldnt-be-a-real-book-player/
  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMiCg8sDQh4
  • https://blog.library.gsu.edu/2010/10/13/popular-music-tune-dex-cards/
  • http://www.guitarcats.com/realbook-jazz-standards/dolphin-dance