{"id":1374,"date":"2019-04-01T15:10:48","date_gmt":"2019-04-01T15:10:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/gcornish.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/mhs123_spring2019\/?p=1374"},"modified":"2019-04-02T10:45:16","modified_gmt":"2019-04-02T10:45:16","slug":"a-return-to-dialectic-luigi-nonos-sofferte-onde-serene-suffered-serene-waves-1976","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gcornish.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/mhs123_spring2019\/assignments\/music-power-politics\/a-return-to-dialectic-luigi-nonos-sofferte-onde-serene-suffered-serene-waves-1976\/","title":{"rendered":"A Return to Dialectic: Luigi Nono\u2019s \u2026..sofferte onde serene\u2026 (suffered, serene waves), 1976"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the last few months of 2017, as I was being spiritually pulverized by the ennui of part-making, I found some catharsis in listening to Daniel Vezza\u2019s remarkable 2012-2013 podcast series <em>Composer Conversations<\/em>, the most memorable episode of which was <a href=\"https:\/\/composer-conversations.netlify.com\/#\/26\ufeff\">his interview with his former mentor Martin Bresnick<\/a>\u2013in which the Yale composition Professor diplomatically recounts his colorful 1970 encounter with Luigi Nono. Bresnick gave a more detailed <a href=\"https:\/\/opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com\/2011\/05\/25\/prague-1970-music-in-spring\/#more-93773\ufeff\">written account in a New York Times opinion piece<\/a> some time earlier. To summarize, Bresnick, a moderate socialist, had presented a short film score as part of a Prague conference; Nono, then already recognized as one of the great representatives of the Darmstadt diaspora and Marxist-composer <em>par excellence<\/em>, was the next presenter. Nono proceeded to give what <a href=\"https:\/\/www.therestisnoise.com\/2011\/05\/bresnick-vs-nono.html\">Alex Ross so vividly describes as<\/a> \u201ca withering Marxist critique\u201d of this modest work; this Adorno-flavored roast was followed by a presentation of Nono\u2019s own electronic work <em>Non Consumiamo Marx<\/em>, which, as Bresnick writes, consisted of \u201csurging masses of sound\u201d in which he \u201ccould just barely make out the Italian partisan song \u2018O Bella Ciao,\u2019 people chanting \u2018Ho, Ho, Ho Chi Min,\u2019 and later \u2018Mao, Mao, Mao Tse-Tung.\u2019\u201d Apparently, Bresnick was one of three listeners\u2014together with Nono himself and his sound engineer\u2014who managed to sit through this \u201cdeafening\u201d collage of socialist fervor; the audience proper had fled, either to construct their counterrevolutionary barricades or to protect their fading hearing.\u00a0 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1970 probably marked the height of what commentators call Nono\u2019s \u201csecond style\u201d (which, according to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchcatalogue.net\/view\/51263\/65676\">De Assis<\/a>, spans his output from 1960-1975)\u2014a style derided by critics as one that hits \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/music\/tomserviceblog\/2012\/nov\/26\/luigi-nono-contemporary-music-guide\">audiences over the head with superficial sloganism<\/a>\u201d but hailed by advocates as one that, at least in its best manifestations, produced work of incredibly visceral emotional impact and defiant political solidarity. Six years after Bresnick\u2019s fateful encounter with Nono, however, this second period, which saw Nono the master composer as political activist, came to an abrupt end with <em>\u2026..sofferte onde serene\u2026<\/em>. (1976), for piano and tape. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-youtube wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Luigi Nono, \u2026. sofferte onde serene \u2026 -  Hid\u00e9ki Nagano - Ensemble intercontemporain\" width=\"525\" height=\"295\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/6yw4i1w4QKE?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; What does music from this second period sound like? <em>Non cosumiamo Marx<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/quod.lib.umich.edu\/cgi\/p\/pod\/dod-idx\/on-luigi-nonos-political-thought-emancipation-struggles.pdf?c=mp;idno=9460447.0012.205;format=pdf\ufeff\">as Luis Velasco-Pufleau writes<\/a>, collages text from anti-fascist poetry by Cesare Pavese, field recordings of the 1968 Venice protests (against the \u201ccommercial cultural institution\u201d of the Venice Biennale), and anti-De Gaulle slogans sprayed on the walls of Paris, to communicate, as Velasco-Pufleau quotes, the \u201chuman experiences of the class struggle of our time\u201d through \u201celectronic composition technique.\u201d <em>Como una ola de fuerza y luz <\/em>(1972) is a volcanic \u201cconcerto\u201d for soprano, piano, orchestra, and tape, which memorializes the communist revolutionary Luciano Cruz, whom Nono admired for his \u201cextraordinary Marxist capacity to fight for Chilean freedom.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-youtube wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Como una ola de fuerza y luz\" width=\"525\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/6iTr6e3jnO4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <em>\u2026..sofferte onde serene\u2026<\/em>, on the other hand, is seemingly apolitical. To begin with, this is the first textless piece Nono composed since his breakthrough work, <em>Il Canto Sospeso<\/em>\u2014naturally, this suggests a movement away from concrete political content to a more abstract realm of \u201cabsolute\u201d music. <a href=\"https:\/\/musicexperiment21.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/cd-sofferte-onde-serene-booklet.pdf\">De Assis writes<\/a>: \u201c<em>\u2026..sofferte onde serene\u2026<\/em> has no direct political message or contents.&#8221; Indeed, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/07494469900640091?needAccess=true\">Stephen Davismoon points to an almost Debussyan attempt at impressionism<\/a>, nodding to the \u201cvery subtle shimmering effect\u201d of the piece\u2019s pitch material as an evocation of \u201cthe play of light on the lagoon, by the Giudecca in Venice where Nono lived.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Did Nono, the same revolutionary communist who fervently and publicly decried all the Marxist-aesthetic shortcomings of Bresnick\u2019s film score, abandon politics? None of Nono\u2019s work after \u2026..<em> sofferte onde serene\u2026 <\/em>ever returned to the explicit activism of his second period. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/pdf\/944637.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Af52957b63c275ec8cf3651fee5985196\">For Warnaby<\/a>, this was a turn toward mysticism, a kind of religious retreat into what one could call (although it sounds positively ridiculous) monastic communism. Some might say that Nono finally recognized that his work was not particularly successful at initiating revolutions (as, like most art, his music sparked no violent overthrow of capitalist governments), and returned to the \u201chonest work\u201d of pure artistic experimentation. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; I intend to argue that <em>\u2026..sofferte onde serene\u2026<\/em> marks Nono\u2019s forceful return to the capitalist dialectic and is therefore charged with revolutionary communist intention, even if such revolutionary concerns are expressed through a relatively less explicit framework. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The capitalist dialectic<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"637\" src=\"http:\/\/gcornish.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/mhs123_spring2019\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/LuigiNono.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1375\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gcornish.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/mhs123_spring2019\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/LuigiNono.jpg 960w, https:\/\/gcornish.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/mhs123_spring2019\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/LuigiNono-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gcornish.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/mhs123_spring2019\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/LuigiNono-768x510.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 706px) 89vw, (max-width: 767px) 82vw, 740px\" \/><figcaption>Nono in 1983, from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.planethugill.com\/2018\/02\/late-feldman-and-nono-at-principal.html\">Planet Hugill<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What is the nature of the \u201ccapitalist dialectic?\u201d In Hopkin\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/pdf\/960084.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Ac55a5a6344f2755d4afa4516276366c7\">short theoretical paper<\/a> on Nono, he begins with an illuminating quote from philosopher Roland Barthes: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cCommunist writers are alone in\nhaving imperturbably maintained a bourgeois technique which bourgeois writers\nthemselves have long since condemned\u2014have condemned, in fact, from the very moment\nof their awareness that it was compromised through the impostures of their own\nideology, the very moment, in other words, at which Marxism proved justified.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are two important points to draw from this quote which together illustrate the nature of the capitalist dialectic. The first is that bourgeois art is<em> always evolving in an attempt to assert the ideological legitimacy of its context<\/em>. Here, bourgeois art does not refer necessarily to art made by the bourgeois class but to art conceived in the tradition of bourgeois art\u2014namely, art that presents itself as a teleological successor to previous art. In this teleological succession, every new work\u2014every embodiment of a new \u201cbourgeois\u201d technique\u2014is presented as an endpoint. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Without getting into the semantics, in the traditional understanding of dialectical history (upon which Marx\u2019s conception of history is built), every social structure can be understood as a thesis, which, because it is incomplete or insufficient, immanently produces an antithesis; these two, together, produce a synthesis, a kind of resolution of these two. Yet, each synthesis is merely a new thesis until\u2014one hypothetical day\u2014the resulting synthesis is truly complete. For Marx, this complete synthesis, this full realization of the social dialectic, is communist utopia\u2014the end of history. But before this eternal zenith, history is generated by a cycle of new syntheses. In <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/history\/#HegHis\">Hegel\u2019s version<\/a> of this dialectical history, he identifies the incomplete realization of human freedom in various social structures throughout history and how the evolution of society has made human freedom (gradually) more complete\u2014from the public freedom of the Greco-Roman world, to the individual intellectual freedom of the Reformation, to the constitutional freedoms of contemporary politics. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When an artwork asserts itself as a final synthesis, it creates the brief illusion that the capitalist system in which it was produced\u2014an incomplete synthesis\u2014is somehow a final synthesis of social structure. We see in neoclassicism\u2014in works like Stravinsky\u2019s <em>Octuor<\/em>\u2014a move to objectivity: like newly-ordained adults, neoclassicists turned with disdain from their youthful nationalist fervor and romantic excess and proclaimed a musical language of what <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/pdf\/746396.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A17cc68216fe3a62be5744c2b345c2418\ufeff\">Taruskin summarizes<\/a> as \u201cpurity\u2026austerity\u2026dynamism\u2026and transcendent craft.&#8221; Mason Bates provides a more recent example: as Ritchey writes, \u201cBates\u2019s use of technology and cool techno beats\u201d in <em>The<\/em> <em>(R)evolution of Steve Jobs<\/em> is served as apparent evidence that we have moved past the \u201celitist culture\u201d that once characterized classical music. But just as contemporary audiences understand that the \u201cmoral maturity\u201d of the 1920s was far from the endpoint of moral evolution and that Stravinsky\u2019s attempt at objectivity can only register today as a kind of archeological artifact (really by ignoring its inherent eurocentrism and imperialism), I would hope that future audiences would agree that the institutional inclusivity purported by Bates\u2019s opera is really insufficient and that incorporating \u201ctechno beats\u201d is far from the endpoint of institutional openness. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-youtube wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Scene Three from Mark Campbell and Mason Bates&#039; &#039;The (R)evolution of Steve Jobs&#039;\" width=\"525\" height=\"295\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/HuqSwKhpImw?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What characterizes the capitalist\ndialectic in music, then? It is characterized by an endless push for novelty,\nwhich is manifest in music in the construction of different sound relations and\nthe uncovering of new sonorities. These novelties quickly become outdated,\nbecause their ideological foundations\u2014the social context upon which they are\nbuilt and in which they must function\u2014are incomplete. Novelty is foregrounded:\nwhen one listens to the <em>Octuor <\/em>or to <em>The (R)evolution of Steve Jobs <\/em>one hears\nthe \u201cradically new\u201d neoclassical texture and techno-infused stylistic plurality,\nrespectively\u2014and only after that the myriad other constructive elements that\nconstitute the pieces. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The second takeaway from Barthes\u2019s quote is that communist artists have somehow created a <em>space apart from this capitalist dialectic<\/em>. His criticism is primarily against socialist realism: by regressing (unironically) into old idioms, communist practitioners of socialist realism essentially divorce themselves entirely from this unquenchable drive towards novelty. It was entirely possible for a composer living in the capitalist world of the 1980s to ignore the work of Shostakovich, but almost impossible to ignore the work of Stockhausen. This is problematic for communist composers, since communism is fundamentally a synthesis that emerges from the capitalist dialectic. In traditional Marxist theory, communism cannot emerge independently from capitalism: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/marx\/works\/1875\/gotha\/ch04.htm\ufeff\">as Marx writes, <\/a>\u201cbetween capitalist and communist society lies the period of the <em>revolutionary<\/em> <em>transformation<\/em> <em>of the one into the other<\/em>\u201d (my emphasis). Therefore, in a world still far from total communism, the capitalist dialectic\u2014both in the broad social sense and its specific music-historical manifestation\u2014are the vehicle for the realization of communism. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A\ntruly revolutionary communist composer, therefore, should be engaged directly\nwith the capitalist dialectic\u2014and thereby enacting the <em>transformation<\/em> of capitalism into communism. Specifically, the communist\ncomposer must be actively pushing the extreme forefront of the avant-garde. As\nRitchey writes in the article linked to above, Mason Bates\u2019s attempts at\nbringing techno into the classical concert hall are half-hearted\u2014but this level\nof \u201cmiddling music\u201d is only possible because this is, unfortunately, the very\nfringe of the avant-garde. Because there are essentially no composers engaged\nin this vein of the capitalist dialectic who are working with challenging\naudiences through bringing in radically experimental techno elements, Bates can\nrest secure in the illusory \u201cedginess\u201d and \u201cinclusivity\u201d of his music. The\ncommunist composer must smash such illusions and thereby drive music forward on\nits teleological progression towards complete synthesis. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Returning to the dialectic<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nono\u2019s work can hardly be criticized as socialist realist, but his work from his second period effectively departed from the capitalist dialectic. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchcatalogue.net\/view\/51263\/65676\">De Assis writes<\/a> that the elder Nono \u201crealised\u2026that his previous works, with all their explicit political engagement, had been easily misunderstood as bare \u2018pamphlet art,\u2019 their political contents shadowing their intrinsic musical features, so that the latter were not properly perceived by the listener.\u201d These works contained techniques which could be associated with the forefront of the avant-garde, but such techniques were not foregrounded by the music: that Nono was using radical new approaches to electronics and space was rarely as apparent as the fact that he was having singers shout anti-capitalist slogans. <em>Non consumiamo Marx<\/em>, for instance, works with techniques of documentary collage (being simultaneously <a href=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/academia.edu.documents\/31923464\/drott-pr.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&amp;Expires=1554064867&amp;Signature=Zj9ZEo81lF7JIF4t6SG918Y86Xo%3D&amp;response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DThe_Politics_of_Presque_Rien.pdf\ufeff\">explored by Luc Ferrari<\/a> in the late 60s) and the threshold of listening pain (which is a central concern <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/05\/19\/arts\/music\/reviving-the-ghostly-sounds-of-maryanne-amacher.html\">in the work of Maryanne Amacher<\/a> in the late 70s); these experimental traits are subsumed into the idea that the piece is a work of angry protest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <em>\u2026..sofferte onde serene\u2026<\/em> returns to the capitalist dialectic, both because it is radically new and also because it foregrounds its newness. What is new in \u2026..<em>sofferte onde serene\u2026<\/em>? Davismoon (in the article linked to above) recognizes the remarkable relationship between electronics and piano. The placement of speakers, in contrast to Stockhausen\u2019s preference for circular spatialization, is intended to expand the spatiality inherent in the piano; the electronic sounds, which exist neither in \u201copposition, nor in counterpoint\u201d to the electronic sounds but instead stem from the physicality of Pollini\u2019s piano playing\u2014\u201cthe tonal attacks, the extremely articulated percussion on the keys\u2026nullifying the alien mechanical nature of the tape\u201d\u2014prefigure the centrality of gesturality in the major works of Helmut Lachenmann (consider the centrality of gesture to Lachenmann\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/0749445042000285681\">own analysis<\/a> of <em>Reigen seliger Geister<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/0749445042000285681\"><\/a>) and <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalscholarship.unlv.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/&amp;httpsredir=1&amp;article=1731&amp;context=thesesdissertations\ufeff\">Salvatore Sciarrino <\/a>(see especially pages 23-27), in addition to the idea of electronic liveness, which spectral composer Jonathan Harvey addresses almost two decades later in his seminal <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/07494469900640351\">The metaphysics of live electronics<\/a><\/em>. Harvey considers how electronics can simultaneously produce \u201csounds that have no, or only vestigial, traces of human instrumental performance,\u201d in addition to sounds that merge with instruments \u201cin a theatre of transformation,\u201d in which \u201cno-one listening knows exactly what is instrumental and what is electronic\u201d; such varying degrees of transformation are explored in Nono\u2019s tape, from pure recorded piano pitches to heavily filtered thumps. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"564\" src=\"http:\/\/gcornish.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/mhs123_spring2019\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Nonoetal.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1376\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gcornish.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/mhs123_spring2019\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Nonoetal.jpg 800w, https:\/\/gcornish.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/mhs123_spring2019\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Nonoetal-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gcornish.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/mhs123_spring2019\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Nonoetal-768x541.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 706px) 89vw, (max-width: 767px) 82vw, 740px\" \/><figcaption>Nono and Lachenmann, with Monica Lichtenfeld, Iannis Xenakis and Klaus Huber, from <a href=\"http:\/\/brunoserrou.blogspot.com\/2014\/10\/portrait-de-luigi-nono-loccasion-du.html\">Bruno Serrou<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Particularly notable, however, is how Nono foregrounds this novel relationship between live sound and electronics. This is Nono\u2019s only mature work for solo piano. The choice of instrumentation is doubly important: firstly, the piano can only lay claim to a very limited domain of timbres, since, in contrast to almost all other string instruments, the location of attack (and therefore content of harmonic spectra) is fixed. As I mentioned above, <em>\u2026..sofferte onde serene\u2026<\/em>, through its almost prophetic investigation of the gesturality and physicality of performance, presages Harvey\u2019s investigations into degrees of electronic transformation\u2014because the sound of the piano is essentially fixed, degrees of liveness are <em>optimally perceptible<\/em>. In other words, because there is essentially one kind of untransformed sound, all transformed sounds can be evaluated for their degree of transformation <em>in relation to this untransformed sound<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Secondly, the piano, in contrast to the grandiose public theatre of Nono\u2019s second period\u2014much of it intended to be played for workers in industrial settings, as Warnaby notes in his aforementioned article\u2014the grand piano is a fixture of the bourgeois concert hall. Nono\u2019s choice of instrument was a literal re-entry into the capitalist performing space, a forceful intrusion into the capitalist dialectic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"892\" src=\"http:\/\/gcornish.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/mhs123_spring2019\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Pollini.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1377\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gcornish.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/mhs123_spring2019\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Pollini.jpg 900w, https:\/\/gcornish.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/mhs123_spring2019\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Pollini-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/gcornish.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/mhs123_spring2019\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Pollini-300x297.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gcornish.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/mhs123_spring2019\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Pollini-768x761.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gcornish.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/mhs123_spring2019\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Pollini-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 706px) 89vw, (max-width: 767px) 82vw, 740px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At least as important as the choice of instrument to the presentation of this \u201cnewness\u201d is the use of form, in particular its relation to time. As Davismoon notes, \u2026..<em>sofferte onde serene<\/em>\u2026 uses a kind of non-linear temporality. In music where timbre, particularly the perception of live and electronic timbre, is so central, a linear, narrative temporality can be a severe distraction, since one almost automatically becomes engaged with the flow of musical material rather than with specific sonorities. Davismoon analyzes the temporal fluctuations of Nono\u2019s work to show how it creates a kind of wave-like ebb and flow of intensity such that, as he quotes Kramer, \u201cthe result is a single present stretched out into an enormous duration, a potentially infinite \u2018now\u2019\u201d in which \u201cwhatever structure in the music exists between simultaneous layers of sound, not between successive gestures.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By suspending narrative time, Nono allows us to access, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/pdf\/946225.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A71725843c432699c92137bfaefb41e4a\ufeff\">according to Spangemacher<\/a>, \u201cthe tiniest corners of harmony\u2026most isolated and inaccessible regions of sound.\u201d It is precisely this ability to create suspended time, to force us to experience sound at the most microscopic level, that characterizes Nono\u2019s work from <em>\u2026..sofferte onde serene\u2026<\/em> onwards. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed-youtube wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Caminantes \u2026 Ayacucho: Caminates \u2026 Ayacucho\" width=\"525\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/iEvrmlZuAPk?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption>Caminantes &#8230; Ayacucho (1987)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Nono\u2019s second period, radically new sonorities were often suppressed perceptually into monumental narrative frames and the centrality of political messages; in Nono\u2019s late work, he is able to bring us into an incomparably intimate and contemplative encounter with such novel sounds. The communist composer, as exemplified by Nono&#8217;s late period,  is the destroyer and creator of myths:  his work is the storm of progress, propelling the dialectic forward until its inevitable conclusion. To <a href=\"http:\/\/www.susanhandelman.com\/uploads\/2\/4\/8\/0\/24803043\/walter_benjamin_and_the_angel_of_history.pdf\">quote Walter Benjamin<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;[The Angel of History&#8217;s] face is turned toward the past. Where we perceive a chain of events, he sees one single catastrophe which keeps piling wreckage upon wreckage and hurls it in front of his feet. The angel would like to stay, awaken the dead, and make whole what has been smashed. But a storm is blowing from Paradise; it has got caught in his wings with such violence that the angel can no longer close them. The storm irresistibly propels him into the future to which his back is turned, while the pile of debris before him grows skyward. This storm is what we call progress.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">-Haotian Yu<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In the last few months of 2017, as I was being spiritually pulverized by the ennui of part-making, I found some catharsis in listening to Daniel Vezza\u2019s remarkable 2012-2013 podcast series Composer Conversations, the most memorable episode of which was his interview with his former mentor Martin Bresnick\u2013in which the Yale composition Professor diplomatically recounts &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gcornish.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/mhs123_spring2019\/assignments\/music-power-politics\/a-return-to-dialectic-luigi-nonos-sofferte-onde-serene-suffered-serene-waves-1976\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;A Return to Dialectic: Luigi Nono\u2019s \u2026..sofferte onde serene\u2026 (suffered, serene waves), 1976&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":87,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[480,28,481,479,458],"class_list":["post-1374","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-music-power-politics","tag-cold-war","tag-electronic-music","tag-experimental-music","tag-marxism","tag-protest-music"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gcornish.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/mhs123_spring2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1374","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gcornish.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/mhs123_spring2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gcornish.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/mhs123_spring2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gcornish.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/mhs123_spring2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/87"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gcornish.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/mhs123_spring2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1374"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/gcornish.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/mhs123_spring2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1374\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1758,"href":"https:\/\/gcornish.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/mhs123_spring2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1374\/revisions\/1758"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gcornish.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/mhs123_spring2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1374"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gcornish.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/mhs123_spring2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1374"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gcornish.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/mhs123_spring2019\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1374"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}